New research shows how genetic variations linked to severe cases of COVID-19 affect human immune cells, according to a news release from the La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI).
The study, led by scientists at La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), looks at the connections between COVID-19 severity and gene expression in many types of immune cells. This work could guide the development of new COVID-19 therapies to boost immune cell function, LJI said.
Among their findings, the researchers report that a gene in a cell type called non-classical monocytes, which are part of the body’s “first responder” team of innate immune cells, could be a potential target for COVID-19 therapies.
The science community has identified many genetic differences, called polymorphisms, they call “severe COVID-19-risk variants.” These genetic variants are associated with gene expression and appear to influence case severity. Yet scientists didn’t know which immune cells are most affected by these risk variants.
For the new study, researchers combined patient genetic data from the COVID-19 Host Genetic Initiative and LJI’s open-access Database of Immune Cell Epigenomes (DICE) to define the genes and susceptible cell types affected by these risk variants. The team looked at 13 subtypes of the body’s key protective and virus-fighting cells: T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes.
The researchers identified several important associations of genetic variants with genes. Among them was a risk variant that affected 12 of the 13 cell types studied. This severe COVID-19-risk variant in chromosome 21 was associated with reduced expression of a receptor on cells called IFNAR2. This receptor is part of a signaling pathway that alerts the immune system to infection. This new association may help explain why some people fail to mount a strong immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
Meanwhile, a risk variant on chromosome 12 displayed the strongest effect in non-classical monocytes, a type of innate immune cell that patrols the body and sends signaling molecules to alert other immune cells to threats. The risk variant led non-classical monocytes to reduce expression of a gene called OAS1. A lack of OAS1 expression could hobble the body’s defenses by reducing the expression of a family of proteins that normally degrades viral RNA and activates the immune system’s antiviral responses.
