A new study finds that trends in colonoscopy rates did not fully align with the increase in colorectal cancer (CRC) in younger adults, adding to evidence that the rise in early onset CRC is not solely a result of more detection. The study is published early online in the Journal of Medical Screening.
CRC incidence rates are declining rapidly in adults older than 55 years in the U.S., partly because of the widespread uptake of colonoscopy, which can remove precancerous growths, lowering incidence rates. In contrast, CRC incidence in younger adults is rising.
There remains debate whether the rise in incidence in younger adults reflects an actual increase in disease, or rather increased detection as a result of more colonoscopies being performed over time.
To add clarity to this debate, American Cancer Society researchers led by Stacey Fedewa, PhD determined past-year colonoscopy rates among more than 50,000 respondents ages 40-54 in the National Health Interview Survey data. Colorectal cancer incidence rates and incidence rate ratios were calculated based on 18 population-based Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registries during the same period.
Between 2000 and 2015, past-year colonoscopy rates were fairly stable among people aged 40-44 (remaining under three percent), while colorectal cancer incidence rates increased by 28 percent. Among those ages 45-49, colonoscopy rates doubled (from 2.5 percent in 2000 to 5.2 percent in 2015), while colorectal cancer incidence rates increased by 15 percent. In those ages 50-54, colonoscopy rates increased by about 2.5 times (from 5.0 percent to 14.1 percent), while incidence rates rose 17 percent.
If the growing incidence of young onset CRCs were a result of more detection, larger increases in early-stage diagnoses would be anticipated because screening is most likely to detect localized disease. To investigate this, researchers examined stage-specific CRC incidence trends from 2000-2015. Increases for localized stage disease occurred in ages 40-44, among whom colonoscopy was stable, but not in ages 45-49, among whom colonoscopy had increased. However, distant stage disease increased in every age group, and was steeper (2.9 percent per year) than that for localized stage (1.1 percent per year) in ages 40-44 years.
