Giving the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors relatlimab and nivolumab to patients with stage III melanoma before surgery was safe and completely cleared all viable tumor in 57% of patients in a Phase II study, researchers from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center reported in Nature.
In addition to meeting the primary endpoint of pathologic complete response (pCR), the overall pathologic response rate (up to 50% of viable tumor left at the time of surgery) was 70%. No patients had grade 3 or 4 immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) in the neoadjuvant (pre-surgery) setting or confirmed toxicity-related surgical delays.
Relatlimab is a novel immune checkpoint inhibitor that blocks LAG-3, which is found on the surface of T cells and often is upregulated in melanoma. Nivolumab is a PD-1 inhibitor. The Food and Drug Administration approved the same combination for stage IV melanoma in March 2022 based on results of the RELATIVITY-047 study, reported by MD Anderson in the New England Journal of Medicine in January 2022.
The data also build on recent encouraging results for single-agent neoadjuvant immunotherapy presented by MD Anderson at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress 2022 for stage III-IV melanoma and stage II–IV cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
The study enrolled 30 patients at MD Anderson and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center to receive two doses of neoadjuvant relatlimab and nivolumab, followed by surgery and 10 doses of the same combination in the adjuvant setting. One patient developed brain metastasis during neoadjuvant therapy and did not proceed to surgery. The median age of patients was 60, and 63% of patients were male.
After a median of 24.4 months follow-up in the 29 patients who underwent surgery, the rate of recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 97% at one year and 82% at two years. RFS rates were highest in patients with a pCR: 100% at one year and 91% at two years, compared to 92% and 69% in patients without a pCR. The one- and two-year overall survival rates for all patients were 93% and 88%, respectively.
No grade 3 or 4 IRAEs occurred during the eight weeks of neoadjuvant treatment. One patient’s surgery was delayed due to asymptomatic myocarditis, which was determined to be unrelated to treatment. During adjuvant therapy, 26% of patients developed grade 3 or 4 IRAEs, with secondary adrenal insufficiency and elevated liver enzymes being two of the most common side effects.
The results are favorable in relation to two prior study arms, which assessed nivolumab either alone or in combination with the CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab. Those results, reported by Amaria and colleagues in Nature Medicine in 2018, showed a pCR rate of 45%, with 73% of patients experiencing grade 3 side effects in the combination arm. The nivolumab monotherapy arm achieved a pCR rate of 25%, with 8% of patients experiencing grade 3 side effects. The high toxicity rate led to early closure of the previous study.
Translational studies of blood and tissue samples revealed that a greater presence of immune cells at baseline and decreases in M2 macrophages during treatment were associated with pathological response. Pathologic response was not correlated with LAG-3 and PD-1 levels in baseline tumor samples. Further follow-up is needed to determine the impact on overall survival and biomarkers of response.
