Chemotherapy kills cancers cells by preventing them from multiplying and by inducing ‘cell death’, a natural process that can be enhanced with drugs. One form of cell death, called ferroptosis – iron-dependent cell death – is caused by the degradation of fats (lipids) that make up the cell membrane.
Now, a team led by researchers from Germany and including Imperial College London scientists have discovered a new mechanism by which cancer cells become resistant to ferroptosis. Many aggressive and drug-resistant cancers are vulnerable to ferroptosis, but they can also use particular mechanisms to block it.
The team’s work, published today in Nature, provides a new target for drugs that suppress the newly discovered mechanism, allowing ferroptosis cell death to take hold in susceptible cancer cells.
Professor Ed Tate, from the Department of Chemistry at Imperial, said, “Discovering a completely new way cells gain resistance will allow us to design drugs that target this mechanism. In fact, we already have drug leads we previously developed that indirectly target this mechanism and are testing them in the lab.”
Ferroptosis relies on oxidation on lipids in the cell membrane – the stripping of electrons from these lipids, causing them to degrade. It was already known that one molecule, called glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), reverses this process, acting as an antioxidant.
There are drugs that target GPX4, but most cancers are still resistant to ferroptosis.
Now, the research team discovered a different molecule called FSP1 that also acts as a lipid antioxidant, rescuing cancer cells from ferroptosis cell death even when they are starved of GPX4.
As well as identifying FSP1's role in preventing ferroptosis, the team also found several potential ways to target it with drugs and therefore reduce resistance.
To work, FSP1 needs the help of an enzyme called N-myristoyltransferase, or NMT. Previously, the team at Imperial developed drug leads for suppressing the activity of NMT in order to block infection by the common cold virus.
Andrea Goya Grocin, a CRUK-funded PhD student in the group of Professor Tate in the Department of Chemistry, applied a suite of chemical tools developed at Imperial to study FSP1 and its modification by NMT.
Andrea said, “As therapy-resistant tumours gain resistance to ferroptosis, treatments that promote ferroptosis based on inhibition of FSP1, GPX4, NMT, or a combination of all three, have great potential for translation into future clinical applications.”
